| amylopectin | glycogen | celluloid |
| chitin | cellulose | mucilage |
| heparin | fructosan | agar-agar |
| pentosan (hygroscopic) | inulin | pectin |
| xylan (wood, grass) | mannosan | lignin |
| araban (gum) | cellophane | muco- |
| hexosan | gun cotton | teichoic acid |
| glucosan (dextran) | pyroxylin | mureine |
| starch | collodion | mucin |
| amylose | hyaluronic acid |
- Amylose: poly-glucose-α(1,4)
- Amylopectin, Glycogen: poly-glucose-α(1,4) and some α(1,6) (tens of millions of daltons)
- Cellulose: poly-glucose-β(1,4) (up to about 2 million daltons)
- Chitin: poly-2-acetyl-glucosamine-β(1,4) (up to about 4 million daltons)
- Hyaluronic acid: poly-glucuronic acid-β(1,4) (up to about 4 million daltons)
- Ring to open (Haworth to Fisher) as in optical mutarotation catalyzed by acid
(a lab exercise)
- NADH reduction of open ring to poly-alcohol (polyol)
1 α-D-mannopyranose 
D-mannitol cough syrup sweetener;
harmless to teeth2 α-D-ribofuranose D-ribitol 3 α-D-glucopyranose D-sorbitol
- Reducing sugars: the lowest numbered carbon IN THE RING has an -OH; will reduce cupric to cuprous. (a lab exercise)
- Periodate oxidation - oxidizes partially oxidized vicinyl carbons both up one step and severs the covalent bond between them. (a lab exercise)
- Catabolic Enzymes:
- α-amylase (an endoamylase)
glucoses
(a lab exercise) - β-amylase (an exoamylase) maltoses and a "limit" amylose
- invertase: sucrose (bad for teeth) glucose + fructose (not bad for teeth AND sweeter)
(What does the enzyme "invert"?) (a lab exercise)
- α-amylase (an endoamylase)
- Anabolic Pathways for Glycogen/Starch/Amylopectin